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--- cheraka_merah [2024/08/11 12:31] – [Penggunaan] sazli
+++ cheraka_merah [2024/08/11 15:37] (kini) – [Perihal] sazli
@@ Line 8: / Line 8: @@
 Sejenis pokok renek berbunga putih atau merah, biasa ditemui pada tahun 1890-an: //"There are, however, certain omissions of words in more or less common use in British territory to which we venture to draw the authors' attention. Such are ... 'Cheraka,' the name of a common shrub with white or red flowers; ..."// (The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser (1884-1942), 13 March 1897, Page 2: {{ :akhbar:singfreepressb18970313-1-2-4.pdf ||}}[[https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/singfreepressb18970313-1.2.4|"THE MALAY DICTIONARY (Clifford and Swettenham.) PART III"]]).
+{{:gambar:laurelinsert.jpg?300|}}{{:gambar:laurelpd2.jpg?300|}}{{:gambar:laurelpd3.jpg?300|}} \\
+//"Laurel is an erect or spreading, more or less branched, herbaceous or half-woody plant, 1.5 meters or less in height. Leaves are ovate to oblong-ovate, 8 to 13 centimeters long, smooth, slightly drooping, with entire, undulate or wavy margins, with a pointed or blunt tip and a pointed base. Spikes are 15 to 30 centimeters long. Calyx is tubular, 8 to 10 millimeters long, covered with stalked, sticky glands. Corolla is bright red, tube is slender, about 2.5 centimeters long, and the spreading limb, about 3 centimeters in diameter."// (Godofredo U. Stuart Jr., M.D. / StuartXchange, 2020: {{ :laman:laurel_plumbago_rosea_philippine_medicinal_herbs_philippine_alternative_medicine.pdf ||}}[[http://www.stuartxchange.org/Laurel|"Laurel"]]).
 ==== Nama-Nama Lain ====
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 ==== Penggunaan ====
+Akar pokok cheraka merah atau //"plumbago rosea"// sering digunakan oleh pengamal perubatan tradisional melayu, antaranya untuk:-
 Ubat batuk: //"Should there be a cough ... Take akar cheraka merah (root of Plumbago rosea); and halia padi (a race of Zingiber officinale, ginger). Grind finely and mix with clarified butter (ghi). Let the patient swallow this in the early morning and be relieved."// (J.D. Gimlette, I.H. Burkill: The Gardens' Bulletin, Straits Settlements, Vol. 06 (11 -15), 1930; berdasarkan terjemahan Munshi Ismail, 1886: {{ :lampiran:4_4_06_3_01_y1930_v6p3_gbs_pg_323.pdf ||}}[[https://www.nparks.gov.sg/sbg/research/publications/gardens'-bulletin-singapore/listing-of-publications?year=1930|"THE MEDICAL BOOK OF MALAYAN MEDICINE"]], m.s.341).
@@ Line 40: / Line 45: @@
   * //"Properties and Uses. - The root, which contains a crystalline principle called Plubagin, has vesicant properties, and enters into the composition of caustic pastes and rubefacient applications. The bruised root mixed with oil is used as a rubefacient application in rheumatism. Taken internally it is a powerful acro-narcotic poison; it is employed to procure criminal abortion as it will expel the foetus from the womb whether dead or alive. Externally it has been sometimes used as a substitute for cantharides for raising a blister. The fresh bark of the root is rubbed into a paste with water and a little rice flour; it is then spread on a piece of rag and applied to the surface. In about 5 minutes a pain is felt, which increases in severity for about half an hour, when it may be removed; a rice poultice may then be applied over the part, and within 12 or 18 hours a large uniform blister will be found to have formed. The fluid having been let out, it may be dressed with plantain leaf in the usual way. The chief objection to the use of plumbago blister is the great pain it causes, hence it should only be used when other blistering agents are not at hand and a blister is an immediate necessity."// (K.M. Nadkarni, 1910: {{ :lampiran:pli.kerala.rare.9113.pdf ||}}[[https://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.9113|"INDIAN PLANTS and DRUGS with their Medical Properties and Uses"]], m.s. 311).
-Akar pokok cheraka merah atau //"plumbago rosea"// sering digunakan oleh pengamal perubatan tradisional melayu, antaranya untuk menggugurkan bayi dalam kandungan:-
+Menggugurkan bayi dalam kandungan:-
   * //"Plumbago rosea (Plumbagineae) 'Cheraka merah.' The roots chewed for seven days in the morning and evening with betel-nut, produces miscariage."// (H.N. Ridley, 1894: [[https://archive.org/details/b28096265|"Malay Materia Medica"]], m.s. 136).
@@ Line 46: / Line 51: @@
   * //"Cheraka  merah, an ornamental plant of evil reputation with small red flowers (Plumbago rosea, Linn.  Plumbaginaceae), grows in Malay villages and gardens; it is the same plant as the Hindustani lal chitra. The botany of Plumbago rosea has been described in great detail by Kirtikar and Basu (Ref. 14). Cheraka merah is an evergreen perennial shrub, 2 to 3 feet high, "very rarely annular" (Boissier) - perhaps only a cultivated variety of P. zeylanica (C. B. Clarke). The root of P. rosea is used by Malay women as an abortifacient: it is from 1/4 to 1/2 inch in thickness; when mature it is woody and solid, nodose, and contorted near the stem, with many rootlets, sometimes 2 feet long. When fresh it is darkish yellow in colour, becoming longitudinally striated when dry; on section, pale yellow, with a brown tinge in the central axis. In Kelantan it is used for the above illegal purpose in the form of a decoction compounded with the roots of four other village plants, which may be merely flavouring or corrective additions, as the root of P. rosea is well known to be acrid and vesicant."// (John Desmond (John D.) Gimlette, 1929: {{ :buku:b29808157.pdf ||}}[[https://archive.org/details/b29808157/|"MALAY POISONS AND CHARM CURES"]], m.s. 202).
-Ia turut digunakan dalam pelbagai kaedah pengubatan yang lain: //"Plumbago rosea Linn. (syn. Plumbago indica Linn.) from the family of Plumbaginaceae is commonly known as rose leadwort. This species originates from India and is now mostly cultivated in regions of Southeast Asia, Africa, China, the Arabian Peninsula, and Europe for its roots [17,18]. Plumbago rosea is a perennial plant and a spreading evergreen shrub with oval leaves and racemes of deep pink or scarlet flowers in winter. This plant has a sharp, hot taste and is considered good for digestion, slowing aging, and supporting longevity and strength. It is also traditionally used to treat inflammatory disorders, skin diseases [19], gastric acidity [20], constipation [20], abdominal pain [20], and as an abortifacient [21,22]. Moreover, the roots of P. rosea have been reported to possess antitumor [23] and antiatherogenic [24] activities. It also has many pharmacological activities, such as abortifacient [25], antiarthritic [26], anticancer [27,28,29], anticoagulant [30], antifeedant [31], and antifungal [32]. Several researchers described that P. rosea constitutes many active biochemicals, such as plumbagin [33], hydroxy-1,4-napthaquinone, sitosterol glycoside, fatty alcohol, and tannins [34]. Because of its different bioactivities, it is believed that it may also possess allelopathic activity."// (Thang Lam Lun, Arihiro Iwasaki, Kiyotake Suenaga, Hisashi Kato-Noguchi, Agronomy 2022, 12(9), 2020: {{ :lampiran:agronomy-12-02020-v2.pdf ||}} [[https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12092020|"Two Allelopathic Substances from Plumbago rosea Stem Extracts and Their Allelopathic Effects"]]).
+Pelbagai kaedah pengubatan yang lain: //"Plumbago rosea Linn. (syn. Plumbago indica Linn.) from the family of Plumbaginaceae is commonly known as rose leadwort. This species originates from India and is now mostly cultivated in regions of Southeast Asia, Africa, China, the Arabian Peninsula, and Europe for its roots [17,18]. Plumbago rosea is a perennial plant and a spreading evergreen shrub with oval leaves and racemes of deep pink or scarlet flowers in winter. This plant has a sharp, hot taste and is considered good for digestion, slowing aging, and supporting longevity and strength. It is also traditionally used to treat inflammatory disorders, skin diseases [19], gastric acidity [20], constipation [20], abdominal pain [20], and as an abortifacient [21,22]. Moreover, the roots of P. rosea have been reported to possess antitumor [23] and antiatherogenic [24] activities. It also has many pharmacological activities, such as abortifacient [25], antiarthritic [26], anticancer [27,28,29], anticoagulant [30], antifeedant [31], and antifungal [32]. Several researchers described that P. rosea constitutes many active biochemicals, such as plumbagin [33], hydroxy-1,4-napthaquinone, sitosterol glycoside, fatty alcohol, and tannins [34]. Because of its different bioactivities, it is believed that it may also possess allelopathic activity."// (Thang Lam Lun, Arihiro Iwasaki, Kiyotake Suenaga, Hisashi Kato-Noguchi, Agronomy 2022, 12(9), 2020: {{ :lampiran:agronomy-12-02020-v2.pdf ||}} [[https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12092020|"Two Allelopathic Substances from Plumbago rosea Stem Extracts and Their Allelopathic Effects"]]).
 ==== Latar Sumber-Sumber ====